With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements :

The correct option is (c).

Explanation

The question pertains to the characteristics and beliefs of specific religious and social reform movements that emerged in medieval South India, particularly the Siddhas (Sittars) and Lingayats, within the broader context of the Bhakti movement.

Statement-wise Analysis

1. Statement 1: Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.

   Correct. The Siddhas (Sittars) were a group of mystics and saints in the Tamil region who emphasized a monotheistic understanding of God, often identifying the divine with Shiva, but rejecting elaborate temple rituals and idol worship. They focused on inner spiritual realization and condemned external forms of worship, including idolatry, advocating for a direct, personal relationship with the divine.

2. Statement 2: Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.

   Correct. The Lingayat movement, founded by Basavanna in the 12th century in the Kannada region, was a significant social and religious reform movement. Lingayats questioned the traditional Hindu theory of rebirth (reincarnation) and strongly rejected the caste system, advocating for social equality. They also opposed practices like fasts, feasts, pilgrimages, and sacrifices, emphasizing devotion to Shiva in the form of an 'Ishtalinga' worn on the body.

Key Takeaway

Both Siddhas and Lingayats represented reformist traditions within medieval South Indian religious landscape, challenging established ritualistic practices and social hierarchies.