With reference to Indian history, which of the following is/are the essential element/elements of the feudal system?

Correct Option (B):

Statement 2 is correct. A defining characteristic of the feudal system is the emergence of an administrative and economic structure where control and possession of land formed the primary basis of power. Land grants were often tied to obligations of service, revenue collection, and local governance.

Statement 3 is correct. Feudalism is characterized by a hierarchical system of relationships, particularly the lord-vassal bond. A feudal lord would grant land (fief) to a vassal, who, in return, pledged loyalty, military service, and other duties to the lord. This created a network of mutual obligations and dependencies.

Incorrect Options:

Statement 1 is incorrect. Feudalism is typically associated with a fragmentation of political authority, not a strong centralized one. The central power (king or emperor) often had limited direct control over distant provinces. Local feudal lords exercised significant autonomy over their territories, maintaining their own armies, administering justice, and collecting taxes, leading to a decentralized political landscape.