UPSC CSE Prelims 2012
Statement 2 is correct. Guilds (Shreni) in ancient India were autonomous professional organizations that played a crucial role in regulating economic activities. They established and enforced rules regarding wages, working conditions, quality standards for goods, and prices for their members' products and services. This regulatory function ensured fair trade practices and maintained the reputation of the guild's members.
Statement 3 is correct. Guilds possessed significant self-governing powers, which included judicial authority over their own members. They could resolve disputes, impose penalties, and enforce their internal regulations. This internal judicial system helped maintain discipline and order within the guild, often without direct state intervention.
Statement 1 is incorrect. Guilds in ancient India were largely autonomous bodies, managing their internal affairs, electing their own leaders (such as the Mahasreshthi or Sreshthi), and formulating their own rules. While kings often patronized guilds and their activities contributed to the state's economy, guilds were not typically registered with a central state authority, nor was the king the chief administrative authority over them. They functioned independently, though their activities were generally aligned with the broader economic interests of the state.